Merovingian Frankish Queens 5th and 6th Centuries

The Merovingian dynasty in Gaul or France was prominent in the 5th and 6th centuries, as the Roman Empire was losing its force and power. Several of the queens are remembered in history: as regents, as persuaders of their husbands and in other roles. Their husbands, many of whom did not limit themselves to just one wife at a time, were often at war with their own brothers and half-brothers. The Merovingians ruled until 751 when the Carolingians displaced them. For those whose lives are better documented (none of the stories comes to us as unambiguously objective history), Ive linked to more detailed biographies. A major source for the history of these women is the History of the Franks by Gregory of Tours, a bishop who lived at the same time and interacted with some of the individuals listed here. Bedes Ecclesiastic History of the English People is another source for some of the history. Basina of Thuringiaabout 438 - 477Queen Consort of Childeric IMother of Clovis I Basina of Thuringia is reported to have left her first husband, and, in Gaul, to have herself proposed marriage to the Frankish king Childeric. She was the mother of Clovis I, giving him the name Chlodovech (Clovis is the Latin form of his name). Their daughter Audofleda married the Ostrogoth king, Theodoric the Great. Audofledas daughter was Amalasuntha, who ruled as Queen of the Ostrogoths. Saint Clotildeabout 470 - June 3, 545Queen Consort of Clovis IMother of Chlodomer of Orlà ©an, Childebert I of Paris, Clothar I of Soissons, and a daughter, also named Clotilde; stepmother of Theuderic I of Metz Clotilde convinced her husband to convert to Roman Catholicism, aligning France with Rome. It was under Clovis I that the first version of Salic Law was written, listing crimes and the punishment for those crimes. The term Salic Law has later become shorthand for the legal rule that women may not inherit titles, offices and land. Ingund of Thuringiaabout 499 - ?Queen Consort of Clothar (Clotaire or Lothair) I of Soissonssister of Aregund, another wife of Clothardaughter of Baderic of Thuringiamother of Charibert I of Paris, Guntram of Burgundy, Sigebert I of Austrasia, and a daughter, Chlothsind We know little about Ingund other than her family connections. Aregund of Thuringiaabout 500 - 561Queen Consort of Clothar (Clotaire or Lothair) I of Soissonssister of Ingund, another wife of Clothardaughter of Baderic of Thuringiamother of Chilperic I of Soissons We would know as little about Aregund as about her sister (above), except that in 1959, her sepulchre was discovered; some clothing and jewelry that was well preserved there served to identify her to the satisfaction of some scholars. Others dispute the identification, and believe the sepulchre of later date. A 2006 DNA test on a sample of the remains of the woman in the sepulchre, presumably Aregund, found no Middle Eastern heritage. This test was inspired by the theory made popular in The DaVinci Code and earlier in Holy Blood, Holy Grail, that the Merovingian royal family was descended from Jesus. However, Aregund married into the Merovingian royal family, so the results didnt really disprove the thesis. Radegundabout 518/520 - August 13, 586/7Queen Consort of Clothar (Clotaire or Lothair) I of SoissonsTaken as war booty, she was not Clothars only wife (monogamy not yet being the standard among the Franks). She left her husband and founded a convent. More Wives of Clothar I Other wives or consorts of Clothar were Guntheuc (a widow of Clothars brother Chlodomer), Chunsine and Waldrada (he may have repudiated her). Audovera? - about 580Queen Consort of Chilperic I, son of Clothar I and AregundMother of a daughter, Basina, and three sons: Merovech, Theudebert and Clovis Fredegund (below) had Audovera and one of Audoveras sons, Clovis, killed, in 580. Audoveras daughter Basina (below) was sent to a convent in 580. Another son, Theudebert, died in 575 in a battle. Her son Merovech married Brunhilde (below), after Sigebert I died; he died in 578. Galswinthaabout 540 - 568Queen Consort of Chilperic I, son of Clothar I and Aregund Galswintha was Chilperics second wife. Her sister was Brunhilde (below), married to Chilperics half-brother Sigebert. Her death within a few years is usually attributed to her husbands mistress Fredegund (below). Fredegundabout 550 - 597Queen Consort of Chilperic I, son of Clothar I and AregundMother and regent of Chlotar (Lothair) II Fredegund was a servant who became Chilperics mistress; her part in engineering the murder of his second wife Galswintha (see above) began a long war. She is considered, as well, responsible for the death of Chilperics first wife, Audovera (see above), and her son by Chilperic, Clovis. Brunhildeabout 545 - 613Queen Consort of Sigebert I of Austrasia, who was a son of Clothar I and IngundMother and regent of Childebert II and a daughter Ingund, grandmother of Theodoric II and Theodebert II, great-grandmother of Sigebert II Brunhildes sister, Galswintha (above), was married to Sigeberts half-brother Chilperic. When Galswintha was murdered by Fredegund (above), Brunhilde urged her husband to wage war for revenge against Fredegunde and her family. Clotildedates unknowndaughter of Charibert of Paris, who was another son of Clothar I of Soissons and Ingund, and of one of Chariberts four wives, Marcovefa Clotilde, who was a nun at the Convent of the Holy Cross founded by Radegund (above), was part of a rebellion. After that conflict was resolved, she did not return to the convent. Bertha539 - about 612Daughter of Charibert I of Paris and  Ingoberga, one of Charibert’s four consortsSister of  Clotilde, a nun, part of a conflict at the Convent of the Holy Cross with their cousin BasinaQueen consort of Aethelberht of Kent She is credited with bringing Christianity to the Anglo-Saxons. Bertha, daughter of the king of Paris, was married to Aethelberht of Kent, an Anglo-Saxon king, probably before he became king in about 558.   She was a Christian and he was not, and part of the marriage agreement was that she would be permitted her religion. She restored a church in Canterbury and it served as her private chapel.   In 596 or 597, Pope Gregory I sent a monk, Augustine, to convert the English. He became known as Augustine of Canterbury, and Bertha’s support was likely important in Aethelberht’s support of Augustine’s mission. We know that Pope Gregory wrote to Bertha in 601. Aethelberht himself eventually converted, and was baptized by Augustine, thus becoming the first Anglo-Saxon king to convert to Christianity. Basinaabout 573 - ?daughter of Audovera (above) and Chilperic I, who was the son of Clothar I of Souissons and Aregund (above) Basina was sent to the Convent of the Holy Cross, founded by Radegund (above) after Basina survived an epidemic that killed two of ther brothers, and after Basinas stepmother had Basinas mother and surviving brother killed. She later took part in a rebellion at the convent.

Marketing Plan for Coffee Shop. - 3402 Words

Marketing plan for coffee shop. I would like to propose a marketing plan for opening a coffee shop in the city of Moscow. Over the past two or three years, a coffee shop in Russia managed to grow in a socio-cultural phenomenon: at once there was like a house of cards, the Soviet culture of consumption of coffee. The drink was no longer just a utilitarian morning stimulant and has a satellite pastime very European style: the windows from floor to ceiling, special atmosphere, soft music, dozens of varieties of coffee. However, besides all this, coffee is a business not only successful, but also has today a huge potential for development. No special studies and assessments of the market in Moscow stores to date has not been - in the†¦show more content†¦Nevertheless, it is not necessary that people be happy entering the cafe, located in the centre will do the same, while at his residence. Intuitively, the existence of such a phenomenon understood by many, but the words to describe the nature of the potentially low attendance stores in residential areas is difficult. However, no mystery in it, just use the standard marketing tools. To formulate success factors for coffee at a choice location, it is necessary to realize the functional purpose of the coffee shops to understand who the main visitors to coffee shops are, establish the reasons for the visit and the expectations of clients. Extensive market research to ensure an acceptable accuracy on these factors, Russia has not carried out, and use the western calculations on similar topics can be used only in extremely limited range. Nevertheless, based on such methods as observation, analysis of secondary information, expert and sample surveys of visitors, I got some very interesting information. The most common presentation and the association can be divided into two main categories: the first group refers to an elusive atmosphere that accompanies this type of article. She described roughly as follows: cosy, romantic, soft music, dim lights. Respondents were also asked to respond to the culture of a country may include visits toShow MoreRelatedMarketing Plan For Coffee Shop1215 Words   |  5 Pages Marketing Plan Proposal JRE410H1 F PRA 0103 YINGTONG ZOU 1001006680 Introduction Context The targeted industry is coffee shop for this business venture. According to the latest research from the NPD Group, the coffee shop industry continues to thrive in the evolving economy [1]. In the past years, out-of-home coffee servings have fallen by more than 3%, but while the visits in coffee shops remained flat. Even though the marketplace is challenged, the marketRead MoreMarketing Plan For A Successful Coffee Shop1105 Words   |  5 PagesWashington in 1971. 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However, I believe that if I wereRead MoreMarketing Plan For Coffee Beans1456 Words   |  6 Pagese. coffee beans. The aim of this marketing plan is to market their new business i.e. coffee beans. The company will import coffee beans grown in Brazil and will expand the importation capacity from 6,000 kg per year to 12000 kg per year. With the provision of the coffee, the company has taken its first step towards a different horizon of the food business. The company remains adheres to high quality and will offer quality coffee beans, unlike its competitors. The objective of the marketing planRead MoreMkt421 Marketing Mix Paper1370 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing Mix Paper Brian Morales MKT 421 October 15, 2012 Kim Houseman Marketing Mix Paper Nowadays, for a company to be successful in the business world one must have a good marketing plan to be successful. One way to accomplish a successful business plan is to use something known as the marketing mix or the four P’s of marketing. These four P’s of marketing are known as the product, place, price, and promotion. If one uses these four P’s one will notice that each of these cover their ownRead MoreMarketing Plan: Phase 11621 Words   |  7 PagesMarketing Plan: Phase l This marketing plan will give an overview of the existing organization and describe a new product or service. An explanation of the importance of marketing for the selected organization’s success will be addressed. A SWOTT analysis on the new product or service will be written. In addition, the marketing research approach used to develop the marketing strategy and tactics for this new product or service will be stated (University of Phoenix, 2011). Existing organizationRead MoreSwot Analysis of Javanet Cafe1481 Words   |  6 Pagesprevious experience in the industry, has taken an innovative approach to marketing a widely consumed beverage. Recognizing that coffee has a predictably consistent sales model but is lacking in a unique presentation and marketing angle, he has created a way to draw people in who might otherwise drink coffee at home, at work or at school, while having the same convenience of internet that his business offers. The business plan is laid out in a flow that reads well and provides a logical progression

Racism Is The Same Thing Essay - 2468 Words

Prior to taking this course, I was taught, and therefore was under the impression, that prejudice is a preconceived notion about a group and that racism is essentially the same thing, except that racism also encompasses the idea that the group is lesser. Eduardo Bonilla-Silva states that â€Å"for most whites, racism is prejudice; for most people of color, racism is systemic or institutionalized† (Bonilla-Silva, 2010). Quotes like this force me to reflect, both on how I see myself and how others see me. Reading that quote, I felt like I related more to ‘most whites’ because I believed that racism was essentially prejudice for so long. I remember once while doing a cross the line activity, I hesitated before moving when the facilitator said â€Å"step forward if you are a person on color.† Technically, yes, my skin is pigmented in a way that would qualify me as a person of color but there is a connotation with that phrase that I felt didn’t relate to me. My first reaction to that phrase is the thought of someone who has struggled, someone who faces racism on a regular basis, someone who is treated differently because of the color of their skin. In my opinion, the more others acknowledge a part of your identity, the more apparent that part of your identity is to you, and I don’t often feel that people acknowledge my identity as an Asian American. I’ve been called a coconut more times than I can count. Brown on the outside but white on the inside. Sure I look brown, but I don’t ‘actShow MoreRelatedDoes Racism Still Exist?1549 Words   |  7 PagesDoes racism still exist? This is one of the countless controversies between people today in which many people might answer â€Å"no†. Others may agree with Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, a sociology professor at Duke University. Bonilla-Silva argues that racism still exists, but has become more subtle since the end of segregation. Bonilla-Silva refers to this ne w racism as color-blind racism. 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Multicultural Policy of Australia-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Critique the Australian Government Multicultural Policy. Answer: Introduction: Previous multicultural policy of Australia The People of Australia Australias Multicultural Policy was introduced in 2011, and this policy reaffirmed the shared values and cultural traditions and also considers the multicultural character which gives Australia competitive edge in an increasingly globalized world. Recently, government of Australia launched the latest policy related to multicultural multicultural statement, Multicultural Australia United, Strong, Successful in 2017 March (DSS, 2017). This paper analyzes, review, and critique this policy introduced by government in 2017, and lastly paper is concluded with brief conclusion. Multiculturalism in Australia: Australia is considered as multicultural nation with the population identifying almost 300 ancestries. As per the census of 2016 the most common ancestries in Australia are English, Australian, Irish, Scottish, Chinese and Italian. Census of 2016 also state about the high number of migration and as per these census almost one in four people in Australia which means 26 % being born overseas. Various policies are issues by Australian government in relation of multicultural initiatives. In 2017, government of Australia issued published its Multicultural Statement titled Multicultural Australia: United, Strong, Successful. This policy is coincided with section 18C of the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 under which insult, offend or humiliate words are replaced with word harass (DSS, 2017; Bourke, 2017). Review and critique in context of this policy: This multicultural statement acknowledges contribution of various British and Irish settlers in the multiculturalism of Australia, and it also includes the ethnic minorities and indigenous people. Almost 300 ancestries contribute in the accomplishments achieved by Australians, as policy stated from the first Australians to the newest arrivals. In other words, this policy specifically acknowledges the contribution of every ancestry. This policy also stated about the importance of learning English and about the terrorism. This policy praises number of foreign languages used in Australia as it increases the ability of country to indulge in foreign trade links and innovation which enhances international business. The multicultural statements set out by the policy also consider the respect in lieu of rules of law in Australia, and it also supports the equality in terms of gender which means between male and female. This policy further stated that peoples of Australia are not divided by race religion or culture, and these peoples are recognized by shared values of freedom, democracy, and the rule of law and equality of opportunity. As stated by Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull fair go. In other words, a person of Australia mainly expects that everyone who resides in Australia must obey the rules stated in Australia, no matter whether they are Australian citizens or not (The Conversation, 2017). Introduction of this policy can also be considered as great chance for politicians to lead and unite the citizens of Australia for the purpose of celebrating the tremendous economic, cultural and educational benefits for ensuring long term commitments towards the immigration. This policy not only recognizes the importance of mutual respect but also consider the mutual responsibility of the citizens of Australia. This policy also stated that success of Australia in context of multicultural society is because of balance of rights and responsibilities which ensure stable, and resilient society which provide opportunity to everyone to contribute and get benefit from the perspectives. However, this policy is criticized by various experts and politicians in different contexts and some of these critiques are stated here. As stated in the new released multiculturalism policy United, Strong, Successful, somehow recalls the idea of Donald Trumph from his presidential campaign. This policy starts with the false statement which states that Australia is the most successful multiculturalism nation in the world. This race is won by Canada on any rational criteria, and this new policy fairly stands in the place where government rhetoric has been located for the past generation social control and integration. This policy is considered as conservative multicultural policy which stress the social integration into the preexisting social order and core values because more progressive policies generally results in social stress. As stated by leader of opposition, Hon Bill Shorten MP this policy increases the insult, abused, and humiliated of people on the basis of race. He further stated that present government choses harmony day to weaken the safeguards against the racism.in other words, Australian government give chance to increase the racism through this policy. Changes appear because of this policies are not considered legally sound and they are also morally wrong, and it is assumed by the opposition leaders that senate will not support this backward step, as stated by President Bill Papastergiadis. He further stated that political mechanism wants to reflect the broader interest of Australia and this policy is not more than sectarian obsessions (Norman, 2017). After considering the above facts, it is clear that this new policy includes both pros and cons, but contribution of this policy in the multicultural nation is ascertained with time, and it is too early to consider the contribution of this policy. Australia consist the society which founded on liberal-democratic tradition which consider the rights and responsibilities of every individual. Citizens of Australia must be loyal towards the laws of Australia, and ensures their contribution for the benefit of society. This new policy is also stated on the basis of these facts (NK, 2017). Conclusion: In 2017, government of Australia issued published its Multicultural Statement titled Multicultural Australia: United, Strong, Successful. This policy is coincided with section 18C of the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 under which insult, offend or humiliate words are replaced with word harass. This policy is criticized by various experts and politicians in different contexts, and many praise the idea behind this policy. References: Bourke, L. (2017). Government releases first multicultural statement. Retrieved on 23rd October 2017 from: https://www.theherald.com.au/story/4539975/government-releases-first-multicultural-statement/?cs=12. DSS (2017). Australian Government's Multicultural Statement. Retrieved on 23rd October 2017 from: https://www.dss.gov.au/settlement-and-multicultural-affairs/australian-governments-multicultural-statement. DSS (2017). Multicultural Australia: Australia's multicultural statement. Retrieved on 23rd October 2017 from: https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/03_2017/multicultural_policy_2017.pdf. NK, (2017). Malcolm Turnbull: 'Multicultural Australia is united, strong, successful'. Retrieved on 23rd October 2017 from: https://neoskosmos.com/news/en/Malcolm-Turnbull-Multicultural-Australia-is-united-strong-successful/. Norman, J. (2017). Multiculturalism will only work if all Australians sign up, Coalition's first policy statement says. Retrieved on 23rd October 2017 from: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-03-20/policy-statement-on-multiculturalism-calls-for-unity/8367844. The Conversation, (2017). The governments multicultural statement is bereft of new ideas or policies why?. Retrieved on 23rd October 2017 from: https://theconversation.com/the-governments-multicultural-statement-is-bereft-of-new-ideas-or-policies-why-74838.